Abstract: In recent years, issues on greenhouse pollution and power consumption
related to the operation of information communication technology (ICT)
devices have triggered a huge amount of research work towards green radio
communication. Many of the power efficient solutions will introduce cost
performance trade-offs. The energy efficient solution which also takes care
of the quality requests of the mobile customer is really required for the 5G
based green radio communication. It is identified that enhanced nodeBs (eNB)
are power inefficient and not suited for many deployment scenarios. Multihop
relay (MHR) network is the suitable alternate for eNB especially in the
coverage holes and cell edges. But MHR network suffers by various quality
issues like site planning and path selection. Many of the site planning and path
selection schemes will fail under network imbalance conditions. In this work,
we have proposed a hybrid throughput oriented (TO) – load aware spectral
efficient routing (LASER) scheme which offers high performance even under
network load imbalance conditions. The simulation results proved that the
proposed scheme is more suited for future green radio communication.
Keywords: Green radio, LASER, path selection, site planning, TO scheme.
Measurement of Power Radiation in Base Transceiver Station Using Quad Phone and Quadcopter doi: https://doi.org/10.13052/jge1904-4720.522
Prem Kumar N1, Raj Kumar A1, Sundra Anand1, E. N. Ganesh2
and V. Prithiviraj3
1Final year B.E. (ECE), Rajalakshmi Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, India
2Dean R&I, Rajalakshmi Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, India
3Professor, Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engg (ECE),
Rajalakshmi Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract: [+] | Download File [ 6203KB ] | Read Article Online
Abstract: The communication protocols used in BaseTransceiver Station (BTS) could be
harmful to human species and other life forms in the ecosystem. The BTS used
for these systems could emit radiations beyond safety threshold. Therefore, it
is essential to monitor such power radiation levels from time to time. Manual
readings at each BTS are strenuous and time consuming work. This paper
proposes radiation measurement using Quad Phone assembled within the
Quadcopter using android software. Quadcopter is a low cost restricted payload
machine which suits the measurement of radiation emitted from antenna
towers and power lines. An application is developed to monitor the power
radiation emitted by each of the bands and the associated communication
protocol by utilizing the Quad Phone. It can use CDMA, GSM, 3G and LTE
protocols at the designated frequency bands.AQuad Phone incorporating the
android application is used to record power radiation levels at several points
around a single tower facilitated by the Quadcopter flight navigation system.
TheWave Point navigation is a hardware module used to move around a target point up to 16 locations and circle back to the initial position. The collected
data regarding the radiated signal strength for different protocols are either
transmitted through wireless or stored within the Quad Phone which could be
retrieved later. The power readings around each base station can be recorded
using the Quad Phone and the Quadcopter in the shortest time possible. Hence
the combination of the Quad Phone mounted on the Quadcopter provides an
excellent monitoring system for auditing the Electromagnetic Radiation (ER)
and subsequently determine the Electromagnetic Pollution Index (EPI) from
the delineated pockets of pollution regions.
Keywords: Base Transceiver Station (BTS), Code Division Multiple
Access (CDMA), Global system for Mobile Communications (GSM),
Wave point navigation, Global Positioning System (GPS), Electromagnetic
Radiation (ER).
Lyapunov Optimization Based Cross Layer Approach for Green Cellular Network doi: https://doi.org/10.13052/jge1904-4720.523
L. Senthilkumar1,∗, M. Meenakshi2 and J. Vasantha Kumar3
1Research Scholar, Anna University, Chennai, India
2Professor, Anna University, Chennai, India
3Master graduate Student, Anna University, Chennai, India
*∗Corresponding Author
Abstract: [+] | Download File [ 1893KB ] | Read Article Online
Abstract: Cross layer techniques are conventionally proposed for improving the network
performance and recently many models have been proposed for improving
energy efficiency. However most of these models have not considered all the
fundamental Quality of service requirements along with the energy efficiency.
Quality of Service and Queue Stability affect the energy consumption and
network performance in every time slot of network operation. So an adaptive
model is necessary to guarantee the Quality of service and Queue stability
along with energy consumption. The proposed model applies the stochastic
drift plus penalty method to optimize energy efficiency subject to Quality of
Service and Queue stability constraints. The optimization technique in the
proposed model does not require knowledge of channel density function. The
simulation results suggest the improved energy efficiency of the proposed
model.
Keywords: Cross layer, Quality of Service, stochastic drift plus penalty
method, Energy efficiency, Queue Stability.
Abstract: Mobile phones are universally popular due to their convenience. Mobile
phones solve problems such as interacting with the people, transfer of data
through offering new channels of communication by using a device small
enough to fit into one hand. On the other hand, mobile phones may be harmful
to the environment and health, and waste disposal issues may be associated
with its discharge of radiation. Concerns have been raised recently about the
sustainability of mobile phones and its effects on people’s health and the
environment. The present study discusses the adverse effects associated in
using mobile phones, and addresses sustainable perspectives to overcome
the same.
Keywords: Mobile phone, hazards, environment, health and sustainable.