This book examines the growing vulnerability of rural regions and natural habitats in advanced economies as social, economic, and climatic pressures reshape local systems. Demographic change, shifting production patterns, and evolving land use are contributing—often in complex and non-linear ways—to the gradual degradation of forest, agricultural, and natural ecosystems. These dynamics are not always immediately visible, but they are steadily transforming rural landscapes. Addressing these challenges requires a multidisciplinary approach that integrates economics, ecology, forest science, spatial planning, and advanced analytical methods. By combining these perspectives, the book explores how environmental protection, risk prevention, and climate adaptation strategies can be developed. Through this integrated framework, the book highlights pathways to strengthen the resilience of rural landscapes and the communities that depend on them.