Preface

xiii

List of Contributors

xvii

List of Figures

xxi

List of Tables

xxv

List of Acronyms

xxvii

1

Evolution of Modulation Techniques from 1G to 6G: State of the Art

Kalyani Barje, Vandana Rohokale, Ramjee Prasad

1

 

1.1       Evolution of Wireless Communication

2

 

1.2       Role of Modulation Schemes in Evolution of Wireless Technologies

3

 

            1.2.1    First Generation (1G)

3

 

            1.2.2    Second Generation (2G)

4

 

            1.2.3    Third Generation (3G)

5

 

            1.2.4    Fourth generation (4G)

6

 

            1.2.5    Fifth Generation (5G)

12

 

1.3       Comparison of technologies 1G to 6G

16

 

1.4       Summary

16

 

References

18

2

Navigating Security, Privacy, and Ethical Challenges in WhatsApp Communication

Rajashree Sharma Adhikary, Sibaram Khara

21

 

2.1       Introduction

22

 

2.2       Review of Literature

23

 

2.3       Methodology

25

 

2.4       Results

26

 

2.5       Analysis

27

 

            2.5.1    Demographic Overview

27

 

            2.5.2    Awareness of Security Features

27

 

            2.5.3    Privacy Concerns

28

 

            2.5.4    Ethical Considerations

29

 

            2.5.5    Broader Implications and User Concerns

30

 

2.6 Conclusion

31

 

References

31

3

Security, Privacy Using 6G: Where Technology Meets Humanity in XR

Mrs. Supriya Jaiswal, Akhouri Anand Kumar

35

 

3.1       Introduction

36

 

            3.1.1    Overview of 6G Technology

37

 

            3.1.2    Enhanced Connectivity

37

 

            3.1.3    Low-Latency Communication

37

 

            3.1.4    Advanced Spectrum Utilization

37

 

            3.1.5    Integration of AI and Machine Learning

37

 

            3.1.6    Enhanced Security and Privacy

37

 

            3.1.7    Environmental and Energy Efficiency

38

 

            3.1.8    Applications and Impact

38

 

3.2       Literature Survey

38

 

3.3       Widespread Impact of 6G Technology in XR

40

 

3.3.1    Enhanced Security in Virtual Environments

40

 

3.3.2    Real-Time Threat Detection and Response

41

 

3.3.3    Safe Remote Assistance and Training

41

 

3.3.4    Secure Data Transmission for Critical Applications

41

 

3.3.5    Enhanced Privacy Controls in Immersive Environments

41

 

3.3.6    Top 5 Use Cases for 6G in XR: Safety and Security Applications

43

 

3.4.1    Latency and Bandwidth Limitations in XR Development Over        Successive Network Generations

33

 

3.4.2    Key Insights

44

 

3.4.3    Significance for XR

44

 

3.4.4    Graph Elements

45

 

3.5       XR Edge-Processing Architectures

45

 

3.5.1    Edge-Processing Offload Models

46

 

3.5.2    The Role of 6G and Edge AI in XR

46

 

3.6       How 6G Will Transform XR

47

 

3.6.1    The 6G Impact on XR Systems

47

 

3.6.2    Pushing the Boundaries of XR in Classroom Education

48

 

3.6.3    How XR is Powering Industry 4.0

49

 

3.7       How 6G Will Benefit Enterprise Extended Reality (XR)

50

 

3.7.1    What is Enterprise XR?

50

 

3.7.2    Use Cases of 6G for Enterprise XR

50

 

3.7.3 Benefits of 6G for Enterprise XR

51

 

3.7.4    Immersive 6G Virtual Reality Skill-Based Safety Training in XR

52

 

3.7.5    Key Technological Advantages of 6G for Safety Training in XR:

52

 

3.7.6    The 6G Era and the Future of Immersive XR

53

 

References

54

4

Analysis of Different Clustering Techniques Applied to Multi Beam Satellites

Shwet Kashyap, Nisha Gupta

57

 

4.1       Introduction

57

 

4.2       Main Text

59

 

            4.2.1    Problem Statement

59

 

            4.2.2    Comparison of Clustering Techniques 

59

 

            4.2.3    Results and Discussion

63

 

4.3.      Conclusion

65

 

4.4       Acknowledgements

66

 

References

66

5

Architecture, Characteristics, Applications and Challenges in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

Mrs. A. C. Pise, Dr. K. J. Karande

69

 

5.1       Introduction

70

 

5.2       Characteristics of VANETs

72

 

5.3       Applications of VANET

74

 

5.4       Challenges of VANETs

76

 

5.5       Securities in VANETs

77

 

5.6       Conclusion

79

 

5.7       Acknowledgements

80

 

References

80

6

Quantum Robots: Insights into Architectural Components and Algorithms

S. Chavan, A. Deshmukh, N. Chankhore

83

 

6.1       Introduction

83

 

            6.1.1    Objectives

84

 

            6.1.2    Scope

85

 

6.2       Methodology

86

 

            6.2.1    Search Strategy

86

 

6.3       Quantum Robot Structure

86

 

            6.3.1    Definition and Architecture

86

 

            6.3.2    Structure Components

88

 

            6.3.3    Comparative Analysis of Structure

89

 

6.4       Quantum Algorithms for robots

90

 

            6.4.1    Quantum Search Algorithms

90

 

            6.4.2    Quantum Neural Networks

90

 

            6.4.3    Quantum Reinforcement Learning (QRL)

91

 

            6.4.4    Quantum Optimization Algorithms

91

 

            6.4.5    Quantum Genetic Algorithms (QGAs)

91

 

            6.4.6    Comparative Analysis of Algorithms

92

 

6.5       Future Direction and Challenges

92

 

6.6       Conclusion

93

 

References

93

7

Water Quality Monitoring using LPWAN Wireless Sensor Network

Vishok Kumar Singh

95

 

7.1       Introduction

95

 

7.2       Methodology

96

 

7.2.1    Presentation of the LoRa module and characterization of sensors

96

 

            7.2.2    Design and commissioning of the functional prototype

101

 

            7.2.3    Graphical interface design for displaying the prototype data.

101

 

7.3       Conclusions

103

 

7.4       Acknowledgement

103

 

References

103

8

Comprehensive Analysis of Adversarial Poisoning Attacks in Machine Learning

Aman Kumar Gupta

105

 

8.1       Introduction

106

 

            8.1.1    Data poisoning attack overview

107

 

            8.1.2    Manipulating Training Data

108

 

            8.1.3    Feature Poisoning

108

 

            8.1.4    Model-Based Poisoning

109

 

            8.1.5    Additional Considerations

109

 

8.2       State of The Art

110

 

8.3       Experiment Environments

111

 

            8.3.1    Synthetic Data Generation

111

 

            8.3.2    Real-world Datasets

112

 

            8.3.3    Simulated Attack Scenarios

112

 

            8.3.4    Open-Source ML Libraries

112

 

8.4.      Discussion And Future Directions

113

 

            8.4.1    Evolving Attack Landscape

113

 

            8.4.2    Data Privacy vs. Security

113

 

            8.4.3    Scalability and Efficiency

114

 

8.5       Future Work

114

 

8.6       Conclusion

115

 

8.7       Acknowledgements

116

 

References

116

9

The Impact of Climate Change on Pollen Allergies in Houston: A Data-Driven Analysis

Hitesh Singh, Vivek Kumar, Veer Garg, Ramjee Prasad

121

 

9.1       Introduction

122

 

9.2       Proposed Work

122

 

9.3       Results and Discussion

123

 

9.4       Conclusion

131

 

References

132

10

Classification and Analysis of Object Detection Methods for Autonomous Vehicles

Sharmistha Dey, Kuldeep Chouhan

135

 

10.1     Introduction

135

 

            10.1.1  The classification of objects

136

 

10.2     Literature Survey

137

 

10.3     Search criteria and Proposed methodology

138

 

            10.3.1  Strategy for Conducting the Search

141

 

            10.3.2  Inclusion criteria

141

 

            10.3.3  Proposed Methodology

142

 

10.4     Results and Analysis

142

 

10.5     Conclusion and Future Scope

146

 

10.6     Acknowledgements

146

 

References

146

11

Blockchain-Based Soft Drink Authentication with VeChain: Enhancing Consumer Trust

Fowambeng Christian Mbomun, Shelja Sharma

151

 

11.1     Introduction

151

 

11.2     Literature Survey

154

 

            11.2.1  Blockchain Technology in Supply Chain Management

154

 

            11.2.2  Blockchain for Anti-Counterfeiting

155

 

            11.2.3  VeChain and Its Applications

155

 

            11.2.4  Consumer-Driven Verification and Trust

155

 

            11.2.5  Challenges in Blockchain Implementation

156

 

            11.2.6  Gaps in Current Research

156

 

11.3       Distinctive Aspects of VeChain for Combatting Counterfeits in the Beverage Sector

156

 

11.4     VeChain Implementation

159

 

            11.4.1  Pseudo Code

159

 

            11.4.2  Implementation Details

163

 

11.5       Challenges and Limitations in Implementing Vechain for Soft Drink Authentication

163

 

            11.5.1  Technological Integration and Data Consistency

164

 

            11.5.2  IoT Infrastructure for Real-Time Data Tracking

164

 

            11.5.3  Regulatory Compliance and Consumer Privacy

164

 

11.6     Case Studies

165

 

11.7     BMW - Car Maintenance and Parts Authenticity

167

 

11.8     VeChain on Large-Scale Operations

167

 

11.9     Future Trends and Directions

170

 

11.10   Conclusion

170

 

References

171

12

A Deep Learning based Approach for Traffic Motions Management

Sonal Chaudhary, Mridul Hemrajani, Yash Chauhan, Mohd.Kashif,

Dharm Raj, Amrit Kumar Agrawal

175

 

12.1     Introduction

175

 

12.2     Literature Review

178

 

12.3     Main Text

178

 

            12.3.1  Data Collection

178

 

            12.3.2  Model Architecture

182

 

12.4     Implementation

183

 

12.5     Result

185

 

12.6     Conclusion

188

 

References

188

13

Design and Simulation of an O-Slotted Microstrip Patch Antenna for 6G Applications

Touko Tcheutou Stephane Borel, Rashmi Priyadarshini

191

 

13.1     Introduction

191

 

13.2     Design Process of the Antenna

193

 

13.3     Results and Discussion

194

 

13.4     Conclusion

199

 

13.5     Acknowledgements

200

 

References

200

14

Decentralized Consensus and Control for Autonomous Vehicles

Sachin Soni, Manzoor Ansari, Syed Arshad Ali

203

 

14.1     Introduction

203

 

14.1.    Background

204

 

14.2     Related Work

204

 

            14.2.1  Distributed Consensus Algorithms

204

 

            14.2.2  Decentralized Control Systems

205

 

            14.2.3  Communication Protocols and Technologies

205

 

14.3     Proposed Methodology

206

 

            14.3.1  Distributed Consensus Algorithms

206

 

            14.3.2  Decentralized Control Systems

207

 

            14.3.3  Communication Protocols

208

 

            14.3.4  Integration and System Architecture

208

 

            14.3.5  Implementation

209

 

            14.3.6  Anticipated Results

210

 

14.4     Discussion

211

 

14.5     Conclusion

213

 

14.6     Acknowledgements

214

 

References

214

15

MindSculpt Adaptive Architecture: Empowering Human-Centered Learning Beyond 2050 with AI, Secure 6G, and Sustainable Education

Vivek Ahuja, Vandana Rohokale, Neeli Prasad, Ramjee Prasad

217

 

15.1     Introduction

218

 

15.2     Main Text

219

 

            15.2.1  Technology Landscape Beyond 2050

219

 

            15.2.2  Educational Framework and Challenges

219

 

            15.2.3  Innovative Tools and Methodologies

221

 

15.2.4    The Synergy of Neuroplasticity and Digital Twins: Advancing Cognitive Health and Adaptation

223

 

            15.2.5  Advancing Adaptive Learning: A Vision Beyond 2050

225

 

            15.2.6  MindSculpt Learning Task Optimization & WORKFLOW

225

 

15.2.7    MindSculpt Adaptive Architecture: Task Management Workflow

226

 

15.2.8    MindSulpt Adaptive Architecture Framework Guidelines for Integrating Immersive Technologies in University Education

227

 

15.2.9     MindSculpt Adaptive Architecture �?? Cognitive Lab Strongly Advocates: The Role of Dynamic Learning Records in Education �?? Bridging the Global Skills Gap

230

 

15.2.11 Comprehensive strategic roadmap for building a resilient and sustainable education ecosystem.

232

 

15.2.12 Extended outcomes and added value of MindSculpt architecture

234

 

15.3     Conclusion

235

 

References

236

 

Conclusion

239

 

Index

241

 

About the Editors

243